Retirement Planning Insights

Expert analysis on historical simulation, withdrawal strategies, and financial independence planning

Maximum Withdrawal Rate: 4%, 5%, or 6%? 150 Years of Evidence

Withdrawal Strategies Bellavia Research

The 1966 retiree could safely withdraw 3.9% annually (adjusting for inflation). The 1982 retiree could safely withdraw 11.8%, a full three times more spending power …

Nov 15, 2025 8 min

Sequence of Returns Risk Calculator: Early Years Matter Most

Withdrawal Strategies Bellavia Research

When planning for retirement, small differences in withdrawal rates can have dramatic impacts on portfolio longevity. This analysis explores what happens when you increase your …

Nov 12, 2025 12 min